![]() ![]() In recent years, the MAC features of IEEE 802.11ah, including restricted access window, authentication (e.g., centralized and distributed) and association, relay and sectorization, target wake-up time, and traffic indication map, have been intensively investigated from various aspects to improve resource allocation and enhance the network performance in terms of device association time, throughput, delay, and energy consumption. To accomplish this objective, IEEE 802.11ah introduces several unique physical and medium access control layer (MAC) features. It aims to overcome the IoT challenges, such as providing connectivity to massive power-constrained devices distributed over a large geographical area. It is sub-1 GHz technology designed for massive Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine devices. IEEE 802.11ah, known as Wi-Fi HaLow, is envisioned for long-range and low-power communication. However, due to the high labour demand associated with aerobic rice, the adoption of aerobic rice at a commercial scale in this Australian environment is unlikely without adopting automated irrigation technology. The quantification of the delay in crop development caused by increasing soil moisture deficit provides rice farmers greater confidence in determining the irrigation strategy and timing of pre-emergent irrigation in regions at risk of cold sterility. This research demonstrates that sound water productivity can be achieved with aerobic rice cultivation in temperate climates, providing cold temperatures during early pollen microspore are avoided. The highest yields (8.1 and 7.5 t/ha) were achieved irrigating at a soil tension of 15 kPa in growing seasons 2020//22. In the absence of cold sterility, irrigated water productivity and total water productivity ranged between 1.02 and 1.61 t/ML, and 0.84 and 0.93 t/ML, respectively. This reduced yield by up to 55% (4.5 t/ha) compared to the 15 kPa treatment that was not impacted by cold sterility. Extending soil moisture deficit beyond 15 kPa was found to significantly delay panicle initiation by at least 13–14 days, exposing rice to cold temperatures in Year 1 during the cold-sensitive early pollen microspore period. Automated gravity surface irrigation technologies were adopted to enable high-frequency irrigation. The study was conducted in a commercial farm using a randomised complete block design in the 2020//22 growing seasons. This study aimed to investigate, in a temperate Australian environment, the effect of increasing soil moisture deficit during the rice vegetative period on crop physiological development, grain yield and water productivity. Adopting a strategy that has been reported to succeed in non-temperate environments may fail in temperate climates, and therefore, needs investigation. ![]() Such thresholds do not exist for temperate rice regions. Irrigators require well-defined irrigation thresholds to initiate irrigation to maximise water productivity. The paper concludes that while IoT has the potential to greatly benefit the livestock farming industry, overcoming these challenges.ĭeclining water availability is pressing rice growers to adopt water-saving irrigation practices such as aerobic rice to maintain profitability per megalitre (ML) of water input. These challenges include the cost of implementation, lack of standardization in the industry, and the need for further research and development to address these issues. Additionally, the paper also discusses the challenges that must be overcome in order to fully realize the potential of IoT in the livestock farming industry. This paper explores the ways in which IoT can be implemented in livestock farming, including the use of sensor technology and automation. The core application domains of IoT in agriculture are Livestock, Precision farming, and greenhouses that are further assembled into different domain monitoring applications, which assist the agriculturists and researchers to make better decisions. Eminent researchers are constantly working to provide novel solutions and systems using IoT to address different challenges in the agriculture domain. IoT plays an important role in providing innovative solutions to revolutionize the agriculture & farming sectors. ![]() The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to revolutionize the livestock farming industry by improving efficiency, reducing costs and increasing productivity. ![]()
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